Risk Factors for Pediatric Critical COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Risk stratification is a cornerstone of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society COVID-19 treatment guidance. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to define the clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with critical COVID-19 in children and adolescents. Methods: Two independent reviewers screened the literature (Medline and EMBASE) for studies published through August 2023 that reported outcome data on patients aged ≤21 years with COVID-19. Critical disease was defined as an invasive mechanical ventilation requirement, intensive care unit admission, or death. Random effects models were used to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and heterogeneity was explored through subgroup analyses. Results: Among 10,178 articles, 136 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Data from 70 studies, which collectively examined 172,165 children and adolescents with COVID-19, were pooled for meta-analysis. In previously healthy children, the absolute risk of critical disease from COVID-19 was 4% (95% CI, 1%-10%). Compared with no comorbidities, the pooled OR for critical disease was 3.95 (95% CI, 2.78-5.63) for presence of one comorbidity and 9.51 (95% CI, 5.62-16.06) for ≥2 comorbidities. Key risk factors included cardiovascular and neurological disorders, chronic pulmonary conditions (excluding asthma), diabetes, obesity, and immunocompromise, all with statistically significant ORs >2.00. Conclusions: While the absolute risk for critical COVID-19 in children and adolescents without underlying health conditions is relatively low, the presence of one or more comorbidities was associated with markedly increased risk. These findings support the importance of risk stratification in tailoring pediatric COVID-19 management.

Frequency of allergic reactions in egg allergic patients after receiving the yellow fever vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Immunization with live attenuated viral yellow fever vaccine (YFV) grants effective immunity in most cases, and is recommended and prioritized for residents and travelers of endemic countries. YFV is seldom administered to egg-allergic patients (EAP) since it is cultivated in embryonated chicken eggs and may contain residual egg proteins, being a problem for egg-allergic residents and travelers of endemic countries. OBJECTIVE: Describe the frequency of allergic reactions after YFV administration in confirmed EAP from an allergy outpatient center in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2019. EAP whose allergy was confirmed with a positive Skin Prick Test (SPT) and/or egg protein-specific IgE levels who hadn't received the YFV were included. Every patient had an SPT, severe EAP, and an additional Intradermal Test (IDT) done with the vaccine. If the vaccine SPT and IDT were negative, the YFV was administered as a single dose; if either were positive, the YFV was administered in graded doses. Statistical analysis was done in Stata16MP. RESULTS: Seventy one patients were included, 24 (33.8%) of those had a history of egg anaphylaxis. All patients had negative YFV SPTs, and two of the five YVF IDTs were positive. Two patients, with previous egg-anaphylaxis, presented allergic reactions to the vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: YFV did not trigger allergic reactions in EAP without history of egg-anaphylaxis. With further research, safe single-dose vaccination to this population could be considered; however, patients with previous egg-anaphylaxis should be evaluated by an allergist before vaccination.

High altitude pulmonary edema in children: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a form of acute noncardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by altitude-related hypoxia seen in children as well as in adults. In this systematic review we focus in HAPE occurring in children and adolescents. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted including publications in children 0-18 years of age from three databases up to June 2022. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies representing 210 cases were found. The mean age was 9.8 ± 3.6 years with a male/female ratio of 2.6. The peak age incidence was seen in children between 6 and 10 years old. Only two children (0.9%) were ≤2 years old. The mean altitude in 166 cases was 2861 masl. Only 17 cases (8.1%) occurred at altitudes below 2500 masl. Regarding the different HAPE subtypes there was a predominance of re-entry HAPE (R-HAPE) with 58%, followed by classic HAPE (C-HAPE) with 37.6%. The mean time between arrival and onset of symptoms was 16.5 h. The mortality rate was 1.4%. In 10/28 (36%) of C-HAPE cases there was a structural cardiac/pulmonary anomaly compared to 1/19 (5%) in R-HAPE (p < 0.01). HAPE recurrence was found in 46 cases (21.9%). The involvement in the chest X-rays was seen predominantly in the apices and in the right lung. CONCLUSIONS: R-HAPE was the most common HAPE subtype; HAPE peak age was found between 6 and 10 years of age; HAPE was more frequent in males and was rare in children under 2 years old; associated HAPE structural abnormalities were more common in C-HAPE than in R-HAPE.

Frequency of allergic reactions in egg allergic patients after receiving the yellow fever vaccine

Background: Immunization with live attenuated viral yellow fever vaccine (YFV) grants effective immunity in most cases, and is recommended and prioritized for residents and travelers of endemic countries. YFV is seldom administered to egg-allergic patients (EAP) since it is cultivated in embryonated chicken eggs and may contain residual egg proteins, being a problem for egg-allergic residents and travelers of endemic countries. Objective: Describe the frequency of allergic reactions after YFV administration in confirmed EAP from an allergy outpatient center in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2019. EAP whose allergy was confirmed with a positive Skin Prick Test (SPT) and/or egg protein–specific IgE levels who hadn’t received the YFV were included. Every patient had an SPT, severe EAP, and an additional Intradermal Test (IDT) done with the vaccine. If the vaccine SPT and IDT were negative, the YFV was administered as a single dose; if either were positive, the YFV was administered in graded doses. Statistical analysis was done in Stata16MP. Results: Seventy one patients were included, 24 (33.8%) of those had a history of egg anaphylaxis. All patients had negative YFV SPTs, and two of the five YVF IDTs were positive. Two patients, with previous egg-anaphylaxis, presented allergic reactions to the vaccine. Conclusions: YFV did not trigger allergic reactions in EAP without history of egg-anaphylaxis. With further research, safe single-dose vaccination to this population could be considered; however, patients with previous egg-anaphylaxis should be evaluated by an allergist before vaccination (AU)